Hybrid Wind And Solar Hybrid Generation System - 867 Words

Abstract - With increasing load demand and global warming, an environment-friendly type of energy solutions to preserve the earth for the future generations has become a prerequisite. Other than hydro power, many such energy sources like wind and solar energy is highly potential sources to meet our energy demands. Systems which uses two or more renewable energy sources is is better than the single source system in terms of cost, efficiency and reliability. Standalone Wind/solar hybrid generation system offers a reliable and better solution to distributed generation for remote areas and localities where power from grid is not available. Natural energy-based power generation systems are always equipped with storage batteries to give†¦show more content†¦The rising consumption rate of fossil fuels and the pollution problem associated with them has attracted a wide scale attention towards renewable energy sources. An integrated system of two or more renewable energy sources i s more effective as compared to single source system in terms of cost, efficiency and reliability. Wisely selected renewable power sources help in reducing the need for fossil fuel. Other than hydro power, many such energy sources like wind and photovoltaic energy can be used as the sole producers of power. Apart from this reason there are areas which are remote where the electricity which is being generated from the main grid cannot be transmitted due to the high cost of transmission and losses. Diesel generators are normally used to supply power to such areas where grid connection is not available [3]. However due to the usage of fuel the usage of these are not advisable as they produce pollutant gases and the price of the diesel is on the rise. The availability of renewable sources like wind, solar, hydro, etc. effectively contributes to the consideration of development of the stand-alone hybrid generation systems (HGS’s). The system on which the work is done is standalone wind power generation system. The generation system is feeding a standalone load. As mentioned before it can be

Judicial Originality And The Legal System - 1515 Words

Topic 2 By: Raylen White Judicial originality is the most fundamental principle in the legal system. Judicial originality to me means being able to make a decision based off the effects. If a judge has had a case in the past similar to a current one, the judge can base his current decision using the same discretion or rule he used before. Dworkin wrote a paper about this, he argues that judges should not be able to create laws through the effect of their decisions. He has two arguments about why judicial originality is not a good thing for society. In this paper I will talk about these arguments and if Dworkin has the right to claim that this argument has no force against it. The first argument he had against judicial originality was that a community should be govern by men and women who are elected by and responsible to the majority. This means that most judges are not elected by a wide spread of the community, and if they could make their own laws they would not benefit the community. It is important that the community has a say on what should be a law and what should not be a law. If judges were to make laws that would be a contradiction to the theory of separation of powers. It would seem to be that judges are analogous to the legislature, which in fact, they are not because the legislature is elected. â€Å"Policy decisions must therefore be made through the operation of some political process designed to produce an accurate expression of the different interest thatShow MoreRelatedWhy A Property Should Be Protected Or Not : Originality And Reproducibility1413 Words   |  6 Pagestwo criteria in determining whether a property should be protected or not: originality and reproducibility. We must first understand the different nature of Chinese characters. 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Effects of Romantic Relationships on Academic Performance free essay sample

On a daily basis, college students are faced with a conflict of interest: to study or not to study. Often times these decisions are affected by outside factors that are beyond the control of the student (I. E. Work, athletics, involvement in organizations). One other factor that is believed to be a major influence is the existence of a significant other.While involved in a relationship during college, one might be forced to choose either studying for school or spending time with the significant other, leaving the student with increased amounts of stress. Level of commitment to the relationship must also be taken into consideration. A student who is involved in an exclusive relationship differs from the student involved in a casual dating relationship. Many factors contribute to a students struggling grades; the aim Of this research was to isolate the effects of dating on a students academic performance. An article mound on the Internet, which related to the topic of interest, showed research where Gobos(2000) studied the disadvantages and advantages of dating in college. It was found that one hundred percent of the fifty male participants surveyed agreed that dating in college provides benefits. It was also shown that males who dated while in college felt a higher level of self-esteem through social interaction. Dating provided them constant interaction with students of the opposite sex.The research mainly focused on the benefits of these relationships in college as it related to the individuals self esteem and interaction while in social settings. An individuals social skills are being developed throughout life. One of the most crucial times in this development is high school. A study conducted by Stuntman, Sampson, Robinson and Watson (2001) among high school students in California. Researchers examined the relationship between dating status and academic achievement, academic motivation, depression, and self-esteem.Although high school students do not face as many distractions, the affiliation can still be made between the two. The research focused on the frequency of dating and not so much the level of commitment. Results showed a relationship between dating more frequently and lower academic performance. Dating frequency and level of commitment are two of the underlying factors that define a relationship; marriage being the highest level of commitment and frequent dating of more than one person being towards the bottom of the scale. Research conducted by Chilean and Meyer (1963) in the early sixties surveyed academic performance of undergraduate married students as compared to the single undergraduates. Researchers followed a sample through one semester of school. One of the objectives of the study was to mind if married undergraduates achieved higher success in college through future vocational plans. Researchers used a stratified random sampling of one hundred nine married men and women, forty-seven single men and fifty- five single women.Grades from the previous semester were obtained and compared to the grades from the current semester, measuring academic performance. Results indicated differences based on (1) educational values, goals, and attitudes (2) family background, current life situation (3) dating and courtship (4) perceived satisfaction. Of the participants followed that master, the married couples received higher G. P. A. s. Married couples were shown to have a goal minded approach to academics. Dating is shown to affect students both favorably and adversely, but the present seems to be affected by a persons future plans.Archival data was studied by Evocable and Asher (1972) in the early seventies that related to high school seniors dating frequency and their scholastic aptitude, achievement, and school related activities. Future plans of the individuals positively affected their frequency of dating with respect to certain occupational goals. The main theme involved in cost Of the literature from the past was frequency of dating. All of the studies were conducted in a manner as to relate the prevalence of a significant other to the student academic achievement.Researchers were able to find a positive correlation to the role of dating on academic achievement. Researchers studied the main hypothesis that the prevalence of a significant other negatively affects the academic performance of an undergraduate student. Our study intended to positively link these two factors. Students answered questions regarding personal life and habits that might affect their academic performance in a self-reporting survey. Data was synthesized in hopes of finding the existence of a relationship between social dating and academic performance. Acknowledging that attaining an undergraduate degree requires a lot of time and involves many increased stresses associated with that time adding one more persons beliefs and wants to the equation leads to strain in the classroom. If students are involved in a social dating parameter, then school will in turn suffer. Epic] METHOD Seventy-five participants took part in the study ranging in age from eighteen o twenty four. The population consisted of undergraduate students from Loyola University who participated on a strictly voluntary basis.The participants selected, to the best of the investigators knowledge represented all racial/ethnic groups. Participants were encountered both in the classrooms at Loyola and in random social interaction. Convenience sampling was used in the selection of the participants. The most easily accessible students were those attending undergraduate studies at Loyola University New Orleans. Packets for the research contained the thirty three-question revue and two informed consent sheets, one for the researcher and one for the participant.The informed consent sheet disclosed information about the research and provided the participants with information regarding any counseling that might be needed because of the study. The survey consisted of a broad range of questions aimed at gauging the students level of involvement in a relationship and its adverse affects on their schoolwork. The first thirteen questions regarded biographical information of the participant, I. E. working status, relationship involvement, age and approximate GAP. The imagining twenty questions were rated on a scale of one through five and were intended to gauge the participants social involvement, I. E. Spending time with your significant other takes time away from school? Questions pertaining to the students academic performance were asked to coincide with the participants relationship status. Number seventeen of the survey was put in place to eliminate participants not fully cooperating. It requested the participant to simply answer the question 1 on a scale of one to five.The design was non-experimental correlation research. The two variables valuated were grade point average and dating status. Procedure asked the participants to fill out a survey prepared for the research. For the purposes of remaining anonymous, participants were also asked not to put their names any where on the survey. Participants were given up to 15 minutes to perform this task, although extra time was allotted if needed. Once the task was completed, participants were debriefed and the experimenters answered any questions they may have.No potential risks were expected. Students were instructed that all information surveyed is both voluntary and anonymous. Information regarding counseling services on campus was provided to all participants. [pick] ROULETTES An independent samples T-test was performed to find any relationship between grade point average and involvement in a romantic relationship. It was hypothesized that students who were involved in romantic relationships would not perform as well academically in undergraduate course work.However, statistical data was not obtained to support the theory (t Deadlines coupled with academic motivation illustrated higher levels of stress amongst participants involved in relationships as measured by a Pearson Correlation (p = . 486). In a sample of seventy-five undergraduate students attending Loyola University New Orleans, the mean age Was 20. 7(SD = 1. 67) and the mean grade point average was 3. 09(S. D. = . 57). PiC] DISCUSSION The main hypothesis of the study was that students involved in romantic relationships would not perform academically as well as their counterparts who do not date in college. No significant relationships were found between he two variables of grade point average and involvement in a romantic relationship. In fact, the t value was so insignificant the number must be taken out four decimal places. Although the original hypothesis was not statistically proven, a correlation was found between motivation and higher stress levels amongst the participants involved in romantic relationships.Students involved in relationships were motivated more to perform academically (p = . 322) and faced higher stress level in facing deadlines (p . 28). Individuals involved in relationships are forced to manage their time and experience more stresses because of the relationship. Time management was believed to be a deciding factor in an individuals performance in school, therefore participants were asked to provide an approximation of time spent during the week. Time was broken down into three activities: studying, working, and time spent with the significant other.

Co-trimoxazole Prophylaxis and Antiretroviral Therapy

Question: To investigate if the wider use of co-trimoxazole prophylaxis and antiretroviral therapy can substantially reduce the morbidity of malaria in HIV/AIDS infected adults in sub-Saharan African region. Answer: Chapter 1: Introduction It has become obvious that the resource-deprived regions of the world, particularly the developing countries like Sub-Saharan Africa carries the burden of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) (Lau Muula, 2004). Additionally, the possible pathophysiological interactions between HIV and tropical pathogens like Plasmodium falciparum raising the serious concern for healthcare providers (Alemu et al., 2013). Plasmodium falciparum is the major species responsible for 85% of malaria cases (WHO, 2015). Previous researches provide sufficient evidences claiming the higher prevalence of malaria among HIV patients in the region. The malarial incidence in AIDS patients is inversely correlated with the CD4 cell count (Van geertruyden, 2014; Idemyor., 2015). The use of co-trimoxazole prophylaxis is currently recommended to prevent the opportunistic infections like Toxoplasmosis and Pneumocystis in adults living with HIV/AIDS (WHO, 2015). Some studies showed the importance of co-trimoxazole prophylaxis along with the ART to decrease the prevalence of malaria in HIV-infected adults. So, it has become the point of interest to investigate the effectiveness of co-trimoxazole and ART in incidence of malaria in HIV-infected adults of Sub-Saharan Africa (Lawn et al., 2008; Harouna., 2015). Aim and Objectives The research paper aims to investigate whether the antiretroviral treatment (ART) and co-trimoxazole prophylaxis reduces the morbidity of malaria in adults infected with HIV/AIDS in the sub-Saharan Africa. The following are the identified objectives to guide the question. To investigate if co-trimoxazole prophylaxes decrease the prevalence of malaria in HIV/AIDS infected adults. To investigate if the wider usage of co-trimoxazole prophylaxis and ARVs therapy substantially reduce the morbidity from malaria in HIV infected patients. To investigate if the clinical interventions in the treatment of malaria in adults with HIV/AIDS reduce the morbidity and mortality rates from adults suffering from malaria and infected with HIV/AIDS. This chapter discusses the framework of the study by focusing on the background to the problem as well as purpose and objectives of the study. This chapter highlights the importance of the study and assumptions held by the researcher. Chapter 2 will focus on the review of related literature. Chapter 2: Literature review According to Bhatt et al., (2015) annually about 0.7 to 2.7 million people die from malaria, and more than 60% of them are from Sub-Saharan African countries. At such dreadful rate, the mortality will be estimated to get doubled by 2020, if effective control measures are not employed. Clinical manifestations of malaria mainly impair the cognitive functions and behaviour and produce a huge loss of resources in both tangible and intangibles form to the society (Ceesay et al., 2015). The link between malaria and HIV/AIDS According to Fehintola et al., (2016), the incidence of malaria and HIV/AIDS is very high in geographic regions like sub-tropical and tropical districts of the world, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. Both of the diseases mainly affect the poorest sections of the population, which might be more helpless against the disease because of rare healthcare facilities, knowledge etc (Achan et al., 2012). Ezeamama et al., (2014) reported that geographical overlapping of HIV and malaria is creating a serious mess for the government and healthcare agencies. Vamvaka et al., (2015) reported that HIV infection causes progressive cellular immunosuppression which is associated with the failure to prevent any infection. Furthermore, Kublin Steketee (2015) argue that in spite of the fact that malaria can increase the viral replication in the short term; the main concern is that the increment connected with malaria in viral replication could speed up the HIV/AIDS progression. Morbidity of Malaria in adults infected with HIV/AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa According to Zaba et al., (2013) the HIV/AIDS and malaria are two of the most important health problems in the world today. Both malaria and HIV/AIDS causes more than 4 million deaths a year, especially in children and young adults. Clinical Interventions in the treatment of Malaria in Adults with HIV/AIDS Malaria can be prevented by taking various precautions like avoiding the growth of larvae, cleanliness etc. It is entirely treatable disease with lot of treatment options. The use of anti-malarial medicines is highly recommended for HIV/AIDS infected adults with malaria (WHO, 2016). HIV/AIDS and malaria are common infections in Africa, and cause substantial morbidity and mortality and yet co-trimoxazole prophylaxis is a readily available, effective intervention for people with HIV infection in Africa and the world at large (Mermin et al., 2014). Parikh et al., (2013) reported that by prescribing the right drug at appropriate dose the risk of mortalities can be minimized. The prescription of non effective dosage or sub-therapeutic dose may cause recurrence of the infection. It may also lead to the rise in drug resistance. Adherence of the patient with prescription or drug regime can helps in effective treatment and diminishes the rate of mortality (Van geertruyden, 2014). A joint United Nations programme on HIV/AIDS recommended that all infected adults should be treated with Co-trimoxazole as it reduces the morbidity irrespective of any clinical disease stage or CD4 cell count (UNAIDS, 2011, Gupta et al., 2014). Drawing from the discussion given above, it can be assumed that the morbidity of malaria in HIV/AIDS cases is a growing concern not only in poor regions of the sub Saharan Africa but worldwide, hence the use of anti malaria medicines is highly recommended. The next chapter describes the research methodology and the research design that was employed in the study. Chapter 3: Methodology Research strategy The research strategy in this dissertation was to conduct a systematic literature review of contemporary evidence (within a time frame) to explore the role of clinical intervention. The review of secondary data in systematic review widely establishes the research strategy in healthcare and medicine (Taylor, Bogdan DeVault, 2015). The literature search strategy had three stages which included the electronic search, manual search and tracking references. The electronic search was done using the following search engines: Pub Med, Cinahl, Medline, Google Scholar, Psycho- Info and Kings Fund (Table 1) to ensure the full coverage of relevant published data. Search words The search used Pub Med, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and the International Standard Randomized Controlled trials using PICO research framework for the following terms: Co-trimoxazole, Anti-retroviral therapy, HIV/AIDS, Malaria and Sub-Saharan Africa (Table 1). These keywords were applied in different combinations to specify the outcome of every search. The present study was limited to the time frame of January, 2004 to June, 2016. Table 1: Search terms and health databases sources Search words Method Resources Infected HIV/AIDS All of the Keywords were used in different combinations on each database Pub Med Co-trimoxazole prophylaxis Cinahl Anti- retroviral therapy Medline Sub SaharanAfrica Embase Malaria Google scholar Morbidity Pyschos Fund Inclusion/Exclusion criteria The initial search of selected databases provided a large number of articles, however, a closer analysis of their title and abstract revelled that many of those articles were too broad or not fully relevant to the research objectives. The following inclusion and exclusion criteria have used in present study to select the relevant studies (Table 2). Table 2: Inclusion and exclusion criteria of the study Criteria of Inclusion Criteria of Exclusion All research studies discussing the ART and co-trimoxazole prophylaxis in lowering the morbidity of malaria in adults infected with HIV/AIDS. All studies irrelevant to the research topic. Latest publications (From Jan, 2004 to June, 2016) Older publications to rule out the repetitions. Authentic resources like peer review papers and books All sort of literature which is not credible will not be included. Studies published in English Studies in any other language will not be included. Articles from other credible sources that talk of implementations, barriers and compliance of the anti malaria regimes. Studies involving children The next chapter will focus on the data presentation, data analysis and interpretation in relation to the objectives outlined in chapter 1. Chapter 4: Results, data presentation, analysis and interpretation. This chapter focuses on the presentation, analysis and interpretation of the data reviewed from the articles selected. The main focus of this chapter is to present the findings in detail. It is important to reflect on the purpose of the study which is to investigate if the wider use of co-trimoxazole prophylaxis and antiretroviral therapy can substantially reduce the morbidity of malaria in HIV/AIDS infected adults in sub-Saharan African region. Results As per the inclusion and exclusion criteria, the number of paper relevant to our study is mentioned in Table 3 and Table 4. Table 3: Number of paper on various databases Resource Number of paper Pub Med 385 Cinahl Plus 831 Google scholar 331 Cochrane 37 On narrowing the research with time frame, a total of 90 papers were selected. On close examination of these articles, it has been observed that most of the articles did not meet the inclusion criteria as they were studies carried for other age groups (children and pregnant women with HIV/AIDS) and were not relevant to the research topic and so about 31 articles (Table 4) were selected and eventually 6 were identified for the review project (Table 5). The selected articles were analysed using the CASP appraisal tool which is a principle tool to review academic articles. This article review tool provides various parameters and yardsticks on the basis of which a reviewer can analyse and assess the various strength and weaknesses of a scholarly work. A CASP is a ten question guide retrieved from the internet (Google) as a Critical Appraisal skills programme. Table 4: Number of relevant papers selected Within the last 10 years Database Searched: Pub Med Database Searched: Cinahl Database Searched: e.g. Google scholar Database; Cochrane Total Total after limits applied 3 11 12 5 31 Table 5: Studies selected for systematic review Anglaret X Eholie S (2008) Prophylaxis with co-trimoxazole for HIV infected adults in Africa. BMJ. 337. A304. Harries A. D,Lawn S.D,Suthar A. B,Granich R, (2015) Benefits of combined preventive therapy with co-trimoxazole and isoniazid in adults living with HIV: time to consider a fixed-dose, single tablet co formulation.Lancet Infect Dis.1492-1496. Mermin J.Lule J.Ekwaru J.P,Malamba S,Downing R,Ransom R,Kaharuza F,Culver D,Kizito F,Bunnell R,Kigozi A,Nakanjako D,Wafula W,Quick R, Lancet, (2006) Effect of co-trimoxazole prophylaxis, antiretroviral therapy, and insecticide-treated bednets on the frequency of malaria in HIV-1-infected adults in Uganda: a prospective cohort study. Lancet. 367 (9518). p. 1256-61. Mermin J,Lule J,Ekwaru J.P,Malamba S,Downing R,Ransom R,Kaharuza F,Culver D,Kizito F,Bunnell R,Kigozi A,Nakanjako D,Wafula W,Quick R, (2004) Effect of co-trimoxazole prophylaxis on morbidity, mortality, CD4-cell count, and viral load in HIV infection in rural Uganda. Lancet. 364 (9443). p. 1428-34. Nunn A.J,Mwamba P.B,Chintu C,Crook A.M,Darbyshire J.H,Ahmed Y,Zumla A.I, (2011) Randomised, placebo-controlled trial to evaluate co-trimoxazole to reduce mortality and morbidity in HIV-infected post-natal women in Zambia (TOPAZ). Trop Med Int Health. 16 (4). p. 518-26. Walker A.S,Ford D,Gilks CF,Munderi P,Ssali F,Reid A,Katabira E,Grosskurth H,Mugyenyi P,Hakim J,Darbyshire J.H,Gibb D.M,Babiker A.G, (2010) Daily co-trimoxazole prophylaxis in severely immunosuppressed HIV-infected adults in Africa started on combination antiretroviral therapy: an observational analysis of the DART cohort. Lancet. 375 (9722). p. 1278-86. Anglaret Eholie (2008) reported the effectiveness of co-trimoxazole in the adult HIV infection treatment in peculiar cases where resistance of bacteria is extremely high. The study further concluded that the medication lessens the mortality in HIV patients in situations where resistance of bacteria might be high. Walker et al, (2010) reported that in Sub-Saharan Africa, mortality from HIV infection (untreated) can be reduced with proper clinical treatment of Co-trimoxazole prophylaxis, however, there is little evidence about the antiretroviral combination therapy, hence Walker et al, (2010) found it important to explore the effectiveness of a combination of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in adults. Furthermore, Walker et al., postulated that reinforcement of standard guidelines of WHO required for co-trimoxazole prophylaxis provision for all adults starting combination ART for at least 72 weeks in sub-Saharan Africa. Mermin et al., (2004) in this article has briefly but explicitly stated the context and purpose of this article, that the sub-Saharan Africa is a part of the world where bacterial resistance is reported to be extremely high in reported cases of co-trimoxazole. This is very much aligned to the title of the article. The aim of the researchers in this work was to assess effects of co-trimoxazole prophylaxis on mortality, morbidity, viral load and CD4-cell count among HIV infected patients in the sub-Saharan rural Uganda. The research purpose is highly rationalised by the arguments of Mermin et al (2004), regarding the high prevalence of bacterial resistance in the area. Mermin et al, (2004) found that proper clinical intervention with co-trimoxazole prophylaxis (daily dosage) was clearly and strongly linked with abridged mortality and morbidity and it also has valuable effects on viral load and CD4-cell count. Mermin et al, (2006), in describing the context and background of malaria and HIV-1, says that they are very common infections and cause considerable mortality and morbidity in Africa. With an increased incidence of malaria, and more severe diseases, HIV infection has been related. In this article Mermin et al, (2006) found that insecticide-treated bed nets and antiretroviral in combination of co-trimoxazole therapy, reduced the malaria frequency substantially in HIV affected adults. Nunn et al, (2011) have described the role of antibacterial prophylaxis (prophylactic trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole), in dropping mortality and morbidity in post-natal women in southern Africa (sub-Saharan region). In this study, female HIV patients participants (cotton arm) were given a clinical intervention of daily co-trimoxazole of coordinated placebo in selected facilities at a teaching hospital in Zambia. Nunn et al, (2011), concluded that there was no evidence with poor follow-up rate that hospital admission or mortality or rates are reduced by co-trimoxazole prophylaxis, although in the cotton arm, fewer symptoms were reported hence its a well-tolerated and safe option. Harries et al., (2015) in this article has concluded that along with pyridoxine (vitamin B6), isoniazid and co-trimoxazole ought to be mixed into a single pill and given in fixed-dose to mitigate morbidity as a clinical intervention in reducing the morbidity of malaria in adults infected with HIV/AIDS. This chapter has focused on data presentation, analysis and interpretation in relation to the identified objectives. The main findings will be discussed in chapter 5. Chapter 5: Discussion Introduction This chapter focuses on explaining of the key findings of the study. Chapter 4 had presented the findings of the reviewed literature. This chapter will critically appraise the strength and limitations of the study. The broad purpose of the systematic review was to verify the effectiveness of clinical intervention of co-trimoxazole prophylaxis and antiretroviral therapy to substantially reduce the morbidity of malaria in HIV/AIDS infected adults in sub-Saharan region. Evidences described the effectiveness of clinical intervention of co-trimoxazole prophylaxis and antiretroviral therapy towards the reduction of malaria morbidity in HIV/AIDS infected adults. The objectives of the study were: To investigate if co-trimoxazole prophylaxes decrease the prevalence of malaria in HIV/AIDS infected adults. Mermin et al, (2006) found that insecticide-treated bed nets and antiretroviral in combination of co-trimoxazole therapy, reduced the malaria frequency substantially in HIV affected adults. All the other six articles were in agreement with the findings that co-trimoxazole prophylaxes decrease the prevalence of malaria in HIV/AIDS infected adults. Nunn et al, (2011), presented the findings showing that in the combined events, the results between the two treatment arms had no significant differences, over a range of symptoms but a decrease in morbidity was found. Some evidence found showed abridged mortality rate in peculiar cases. Hence, the results showed a lot of variability in the prevalence rates of adherence / non-adherence to treatment. Amongst the factors contributing to treatment adherence, the authors have highlighted greater understanding of the disease, severity of symptoms, dose gratuity of drugs, use of pictorial on the packaging of the antimalarials, and good guidance of health professionals in relation to drug and its effects. In relation to non-adherence to treatment, the following factors were also highlighted: forgetfulness, symptom improvement, inaccessibility, side effects of antimalarial, and lack of guidance and/or incorrect guidance on drugs made by the health professional. Walker et al, (2010) extensively made use of various previous studies and concluded that in the sub- Saharan region, malaria prevalence in HIV/AIDS adults can be substantially reduced with proper clinical treatment of co-trimoxazole prophylaxis although he differed in opinion on the effect of combined co trimoxazole and antiretroviral therapy (ART). In all six articles, the authors are in agreement that the use of co trimoxazole prophylaxis in the treatment of malaria in HIV/AIDS infected adults, may reduce the prevalence, in the African region. Yet, there is still a grey area to whether a combined usage of co-trimoxazole and ART is effective in reducing morbidity and mortality rates. Also, the issue of non-adherence to treatment is repeatedly mentioned by Nunn et al, (2011) and Walker et al (2010), thus leading the author to present it as the major recommendations for improvement. To investigate if the wider usage of co-trimoxazole prophylaxis and ARVs therapy substantially reduce the morbidity from malaria in HIV infected patients. From the literature reviewed, it can be concluded that the clinical interventions and the effect of antiretroviral treatment (ART) and co-trimoxazole prophylaxis certainly reduce the morbidity of malaria in adults infected with HIV/AIDS in the African continent (Harries et al, 2015). ART is the intervention, needed for reducing the morbidity and mortality rates in adult HIV patients, although, in poor, resource-limited and undeveloped areas, ART is reported sluggishly to have an effect with considerable early mortality and morbidity rates (Harries et al, 2015). Mermin et al, (2004) found at the end of the study that proper clinical intervention with co-trimoxazole prophylaxis (daily dosage) was clearly and strongly linked with abridged mortality and morbidity and it also has valuable effects on viral load and CD4-cell count. Mermin et al, (2006) brought up the comparison that insecticide- treated bed nets and antiretroviral in combination of co-trimoxazole therapy reduced morbidity i n HIV/AIDS infected adults with malaria. Walker et al, (2010) extensively made use of various previous studies and concluded that in Africa, malaria prevalence in HIV/AIDS adults can be substantially reduced with proper clinical treatment of co-trimoxazole prophylaxis although he differed in opinion on the effect of the combined co trimoxazole and antiretroviral therapy (ART), thus creating room for further studies of the grey area. Anglaret X Eholie S (2008) et al, (2008), concluded that the wider usage of co-trimoxazole prophylaxis reduce morbidity amongst HIV/AIDS adults infected with malaria, even in situations where resistance of bacteria might be high. Generally all the six authors agreed that wider usage of co-trimoxazole prophylaxis and ARVs therapy substantially reduce the morbidity from malaria in HIV infected patients. Walker et al (2010) differed in opinion on the effect of the combined co-trimoxazole and antiretroviral therapy (ART), thus it creates yet another grey area for further studies. To investigate if the clinical interventions in the treatment of malaria in adults with HIV/AIDS reduce the morbidity and mortality rates from adults suffering from malaria and infected with HIV/AIDS. All the six authors of the reviewed literature agree with the findings that clinical interventions in the treatment of malaria in adults with HIV/AIDS reduce the morbidity and mortality rates of malaria in HIV infected patients. Harries et al, (2015) concluded that along with pyridoxine (vitamin B6), isoniazid and co-trimoxazole ought to be mixed into a single pill and given in fixed-dose to mitigate morbidity as a clinical intervention in reducing the morbidity of malaria in adults infected with HIV/AIDS. Walker et al (2010) has concluded to reinforce and challenge the standard guidelines for World Health Organisation (WHO) and offered robust incentive for co-trimoxazole prophylaxis provision for all adults starting a combination ART for at least 72 weeks in sub-Saharan Africa. Mermin et al, (2004) strongly linked proper clinical intervention of co trimoxazole prophylaxis to an abridged mortality and morbidity rates in adults infected with HIV/AIDS and suffering from the chronic malaria. The results by Mermin et al, (2004) are very critical for this systematic review, as substantial evidence established the high effectiveness of clinical intervention in reducing the morbidity and mortality rates of malaria in adults infected with HIV/AIDS in the Sub Saharan Africa. All authors appear to be saying the same message that compliance to the clinical intervention of the treatment of malaria in adults with HIV/AIDS reduces the morbidity and mortality rates. One weakness identified by the authors is the non compliance by patients to clinical intervention which may have affected the results and outcome of most studies done to date, Harries et al, (2015). Compliance to medication and close monitoring by the HIV/AIDS team is important in order to get the best results of clinical interventions in the treatment of malaria and HIV/AIDS. In the studies analysed above they have cross- examined the effect of clinical interventions and the use of ARV therapy in the treatment of malaria in adults with HIV/AIDS and have concluded that clinical interventions reduce the morbidity from malaria in HIV infected adults. Models of public health As a public health practitioner, its important to offer sound advice and up to date information based on current evidence in order to educate patients falling into this category globally on how clinical interventions of co-trimoxazole prophylaxis and the use of ARV therapy is effective in the treatment of malaria in adults with HIV/AIDS. Three public health theories which focus on community drug non-compliance and useful to behaviour change in this project have been identified. According to the US Centres for Disease Control and Prevention of Chronic Disease and Health Promotion (2002) the following models have been identified; The Health Belief model For men and women to adopt the recommended physical activity behaviour, there is need to educate them on the importance of compliance to treatment so that their perception of the threat of malaria within an HIV/AIDS infected patient outweigh their perceived barriers to action. A nurse manager of HIV/AIDS infection is recommended to take charge of this activity Bethesda (1995). The Health Belief model will be effective to apply to adults infected with HIV/AIDS to adopt recommended physical activity behaviours being monitored by the nurse manager of HIV infection. The Information Processing model The model has an impact through persuasive communication, Bethesda (1995).It is mediated by three phases of message processing, that is attention to the message, comprehension of the content, and acceptance of the content, Bethesda (1995). Men and women can have correct, up to date information and renewed awareness on the effect of clinical interventions of co-trimoxazole prophylaxis on reducing morbidity of malaria in adults infected with HIV/AIDS on the dangers of engaging in drugs through the information model. In this study they can get helpful information on why it is important to be fully compliant to clinical intervention and antiretroviral therapy. The Community Organizational model The Community organizational model is ideal as it emphasizes on the active participation of the target group in identifying key health issues and strategies to address them. The model empowers the communities to improve their health thus making them participate in decision making. Strengths Mermin et al., (2004): Walker et al., (2010): Anglaret Eholie (2008): Nunn et al., (2011): Harries et al., (2015) agree with the findings that clinical interventions in the treatment of malaria in adults with HIV/AIDS reduce the morbidity and mortality rates of malaria in HIV infected patients. The effectiveness of using co-trimoxazole prophylaxis and antiretroviral therapy has not been disputed in all reviewed articles. All articles reviewed in this study had a common background of utilising a range of previous studies that provided a sound conceptual and theoretical basis to study. The use of various previous studies is a positive aspect of this study. Limitations Non treatment adherence has been identifies as one limiting factor towards compliance to clinical medication in some instances, hence this calls for close monitoring of patients by the HIV nurse practitioner who would understand the background and importance of medication compliance in the treatment of malaria morbidity in HIV/AIDS patients. There is need for further interventions targeting the wider usage of co-trimoxazole prophylaxis and ARVs therapy. Also, the limitation for using this kind of information is that the information constantly changes with new sites appearing every year and it is highly encouraged for policy makers to set global standard guidelines to benefit poor nations; The WHO and its Care Quality Commissions (CQC) to be seen vigilant with their inspectorate and Quality Assurance. Chapter 6: Conclusion In its quest to explore whether the clinical interventions and the effect of antiretroviral treatment (ART) and Co-trimoxazole prophylaxis reduce the morbidity of malaria in adults infected with HIV/AIDS in the Sub Saharan, this systematic review has concluded that the clinical interventions and the effect of antiretroviral treatment (ART) and Co-trimoxazole prophylaxis certainly reduce the morbidity of malaria in adults infected with HIV/AIDS in the Sub Saharan Africa. This systematic review now further recommends launching an inquiry to assess this effectiveness in male and female patient separately to enable the better and holistic understanding of the issue. The findings of this review are critical in establishing the high effectiveness of basic clinical intervention in extreme cases like HIV care. However, the compliance amongst patients to clinical medication in sub-Saharan Africa is very low. Hence within a public health system, lack of adherence to antiretroviral therapy must be considered as a problem of inefficiency that prevents the achievement of clinical effectiveness that can be achieved with the resources available for the treatment of HIV infection. For all this complexity of clinical management, it might be interesting to expose individual monitoring of patients, hospitalized by the nurse manager of HIV infection. Research for this purpose will contribute to the knowledge of the magnitude of the problem of non-adherence to treatment of malaria in those countries, especially if the authors worry in developing them with similar methodological designs. Brief recommendations for practice The results are precise as findings indicate that the wider use of co-trimoxazole prophylaxis and antiretroviral therapy can substantially reduce the morbidity of malaria in HIV/AIDS infected adults in sub-Saharan African region and indeed in the rest of the world. In summary, clinical interventions in the treatment of malaria in adults with HIV/AIDS is significantly associated with an improvement in overall wellbeing of persons infected with HIV/AIDS globally. However this is limited by the rate of adherence/non-adherence by individual victims. The authors used more than one method of measuring adherence and self-narrative was present in almost all studies. The definition of adherence was associated with complete follow - up of treatment, confirmed by counting medications. The results showed a lot of variability in the prevalence rates of adherence / non-adherence. In relation to non-adherence to treatment the following factors were highlighted, forgetfulness, symptom improvement, i naccessibility, side effects of antimalarial, and lack of guidance and / or incorrect guidance on drugs made by the health professional. Lack of adherence to antiretroviral therapy must be considered as a problem of inefficiency that prevents achieve clinical effectiveness that can be achieved with the resources available for the treatment of HIV infection (Walker et. al 2010), hence there is need to implement such programmes with sufficient human resources and expertise. Use of interactive individual groups is recommended to engage with the patients. Old policies need to be renewed with up to date policies, which address activity. Lastly, the interventions need to be internationally structured and not to translate only to sub-Saharan Africa. Brief suggestions of theory and practices A coordinated approach from the Public Health Services, Health Promotion Services, staff and patients should be put in place. Staff development workshops, peer education programs and policy development should be considered as strategies to bring and increase awareness of the importance of the use of co-trimoxazole prophylaxis and ART to the recipients. Results showed a lot of variability in the prevalence rates of adherence / non-adherence. Among the factors contributing to treatment adherence, highlighted greater understanding of the disease, severity of symptoms, dose gratuity of drugs, use of pictorial on the packaging of anti-malarial figures, and good guidance of health professionals in relation to drug and its effects (Walker et al, 2010). This systematic review does further recommend launching an inquiry to assess this effectiveness in male and female patients separately so that they can holistically understand the issue (Walker et al, 2010). Barriers to implementing the findings In relation to non-adherence to treatment the following factors are highlighted, forgetfulness, symptom improvement, inaccessibility, side effects of antimalarial, and lack of guidance and / or incorrect guidance on drugs made by the health professional. The systematic study of research has enabled the current status of the publications on adherence to malaria treatment and has found that there are gaps to be filled with future research. The writer suggests that studies are to be conducted in the sense to verify the adherence prevalence of malaria globally, considering that few publications have been made so far. Research for this purpose will contribute to the knowledge of the magnitude of the problem of non-adherence to treatment of malaria in those countries. This paper suggests avenues for further research. 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Clinical malaria diagnosis in pregnancy in relation to early perinatal motherà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ toà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ child transmission of HIV: A prospective cohort study. HIV Med. 15 (5). p. 27685. Fehintola FA, Adedeji WA, Morse GD. (2016). Malaria and HIV/AIDS interaction in Ugandan children. Clin Infect Dis. 63 (3). p. 423-4. Gupta, S., Granich, R., Hersh, B., Lepere, P. and Samb, B., 2014. Global policy review of recommendations on cotrimoxazole prophylaxis among people living with HIV.Journal of the International Association of Providers of AIDS Care (JIAPAC),13(5), pp.397-401. Harouna, A.M., Amorissani-Folquet, M., Eboua, F.T., Desmonde, S., NGbeche, S., Aka, E.A., Kouadio, K., Kouacou, B., Malateste, K., Bosse-Amani, C. and Coffie, P.A., 2015. Effect of cotrimoxazole prophylaxis on the incidence of malaria in HIV-infected children in 2012, in Abidjan, Cte dIvoire: a prospective cohort study. BMC infectious diseases, 15(1), p.1. Harries AD, Lawn SD, Suthar AB, et al. (2015) Benefits of combined preventive therapy with co-trimoxazole and isoniazid in adults living with HIV: time to consider a fixed-dose, single tablet coformulation. Lancet Infect Dis. 15 (12). p. 1492-6. Idemyor, V., 2015. Review: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Malaria Interaction in Sub-Saharan Africa: The Collision of Two Titans. HIV clinical trials. Kublin, JG, Steketee, RW. (2015). HIV infection and Malaria-Understanding the Interactions. J Infect Dis. 193 (1). p. 1-3. Lau, C. and Muula, A.S., 2004. HIV/AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa. Lawn, S.D., Harries, A.D., Anglaret, X., Myer, L. and Wood, R., 2008. Early mortality among adults accessing antiretroviral treatment programmes in sub-Saharan Africa. AIDS (London, England), 22(15). Mermin J, Ekwaru JP, Liechty CA, et al. (2006). Effect of co-trimoxazole prophylaxis, antiretroviral therapy, and insecticide-treated bednets on the frequency of malaria in HIV-1-infected adults in Uganda: a prospective cohort study. Lancet. 367 (9518). p. 1256-61. Mermin J, Lule J, Ekwaru JP, et al. (2004) Effect of co-trimoxazole prophylaxis on morbidity, mortality, CD4-cell count, and viral load in HIV infection in rural Uganda. Lancet. 364 (9443). p. 1428-34. National Institutes of Health. (1995). Theory at a Glance: A Guide for Health Promotion Practice. Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute. Nunn AJ, Mwaba PB, Chintu C, et al. (2011). Randomised, placebo-controlled trial to evaluate co-trimoxazole to reduce mortality and morbidity in HIV-infected post-natal women in Zambia (TOPAZ). Trop Med Int Health. 16 (4). p. 518-26. Parikh SM, Obuku EA, Walker SA, et al. (2013). Clinical differences between younger and older adults with HIV/AIDS starting antiretroviral therapy in Uganda and Zimbabwe: a secondary analysis of the DART trial. PLoS One. 8 (10). e76158. Ryan, SJ, McNally, A, Johnson, LR, et al. (2015). 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The Analyzing Mind, Analyzed (Rough Draft) free essay sample

â€Å"Go upstairs; I have to make a phone call,† my mom told me. I reluctantly marched upstairs, wondering what could be so secretive that must be kept from me, an intelligent fifth grader. Well, I decided that I wanted to find out, and so I picked up the receiver on another phone and heard the worst imaginable thing a fifth grader could hear: â€Å"It’s a surprise party, so make sure your daughter doesn’t tell Miriam†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I hung up the phone as quickly and smoothly as I had picked it up, trying to tear down the realization building up in my mind, but it was no use. I had ruined my own surprise party. That was the first event that led me to the recognition that I have an unrelenting sense of curiosity that cannot be satisfied without the pure attainment of knowledge. I’ve always had an affinity for figuring things out; my mind just must know the hows and whys of everything. We will write a custom essay sample on The Analyzing Mind, Analyzed (Rough Draft) or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It started with simple eavesdropping like this. But it wasn’t just withheld information that I longed for; I wanted to learn. And I wanted to create. My hands became the perfect utility to accomplish this. I would walk around in sixth grade with a paper clip all day, examining how malleable I could make it wrapped around my pencil or the amount of different shapes that could be formed in various sizes. I would write small letters on a rubber band and watch the ink break apart and conjoin once again as the rubber was stretched and compressed. I would do this again and again, in different color inks and different thickness of rubber bands. I simply wanted to know what would happen. My involuntary capability to overanalyze lends its assistance to my curiosity, especially when it comes to people. I like to know the way things work mechanically, but I am also inquisitive about the human mind and the way each person’s works. I went through a time period where I liked to say a random word to a person and have him or her recite back to me the first thought that entered their mind upon hearing the word. It gave me insight into the way that person thinks, the way he or she associates words or phrases depending on their character and mindset. I never understood why I have such a desire for inquiry, but I know that it is adamant and insistent. I’ve learned that together, the hand and the mind are the most powerful appliances that can be used to suffice any sense of curiosity. Analyzing objects by taking them apart or fidgeting with pieces meticulously with my nimble fingers is not a conscious act anymore; it’s instinctive. And as I grow older, I realize that learning from a source other than my own imagination is just as useful, even beneficial. I’ve acknowledged my stubborn inquisitiveness. And I’ve acknowledged that there’s nothing I can do to suppress it; I’ve already analyzed that possibility.

Addressing Envelopes

Addressing Envelopes Addressing Envelopes Addressing Envelopes By Maeve Maddox Heres a question from Alfonso Rodriguez from Lima, Peru: Would you be so kind as to tell me what is the correct way to write down an address when the building has no number, I think there is an abbreviation form. If any of you readers outside the U.S. know of an abbreviation that designates a building without a street number, please tell us in the comments. In the United States, new construction requires the existence of a street number before a building is built. As for older buildings, according to the person I talked to at the USPS 800 number, all buildings in towns have street numbers. Rural addresses may make use of the abbreviation RR: D.Q. Jones RR 5 Box 19 Molesville TX 77293 Many buildings have both names and street addresses. If a building is well-known in the town where it is, the name can serve in lieu of a numbered address, as long as the town and state are included. For example, an envelope addressed to someone at the Empire State Building, New York, N.Y. would probably reach its destination without the address 350 5th Ave. USPS address-reading machinery reads addresses from the bottom up: 4†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦D. Q. Jones 3†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..12233 Jefferson Ave Apt 1 2†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Newport News, VA 23602 1†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦USA According to the official USPS guidelines, designations such as Apt (apartment), Dept (department), and Ste (suite) go on the same line as the street address: 234 Hilltop Dr Apt 504 Greenwich PA 23853 NOT 234 Hilltop Dr Apt 504 Greenwich PA 23853 In the event that the space available for the address is not large enough for Apt to be written out, the symbol # can be used in its place: 234 Hilltop Dr #504 Greenwich PA 23853 It a street address is especially long, some of the vowels may be omitted. For example, 23 Espendhade-Dogwood Terrace could be shortened to: 23 Espnshd-Dgwd Ter. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Business Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:20 Great Opening Lines to Inspire the Start of Your Story10 Techniques for More Precise Writing15 English Words of Indian Origin

Technology in Education Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Technology in Education - Research Paper Example PDAs vs. hard form books: Portable digital document devices are part of schools, colleges, universities, libraries. People sit in cafes, parks, travel in metros and have this digital device that contains many books in them. It has added to the economy aspect as well, for example large number of books are available online now which were not in past and people had to pay for it or go to markets to get them, with so many books available online, mere download enables books in your digital device, and they don’t even cost anything in terms of the digital memory, being thin on resources in terms of digital consumption, these books consume merely a few kilobytes or megabytes of space which has become an irrelevant term in modern times considering how much of space and capacity has been created in the computers in present day. Diplomas, certifications and courses are conducted online. Video conferencing is a gift of technology and is largely used in educational sector, not just in the domain of students but also for the organizers and top heads of educational departments all over. The manner in which education is being spread has also changed as a result of technology. More than hard form of educational resources, it is the soft form of educational content that is in practice and business. E- Libraries have over taken the conventional libraries. Note books have been replaced by the digital note books. Tablets, laptops, mini computers, desktops, mobile phones, portable readers, electronic readers, all are depictive of the digital sources which are used for educational purposes. For example specially designated and designed digital equipment has been introduced for a specific purpose of educational imparting. This device comes in form of a... It is stated that the mankind has explored many ways for its comfort. It has been a continuous process and it has been achieved in steps with improvement from one phase to another. Technology has changed the outlook of our entire life, the entire pattern of how we go about things, how things are perceived, how they are adopted and accepted. Communication is being performed through it, which is an essential tool of technology. This tool has been put into effect in different disciplines of life, and education is one of them. Technology and communication, that were both analyzed in this essay have been brought together to facilitate the purpose of modern and quality education and it has been put to good effect in many zones. While education has been a continuous quest, and it is through education that these changes and developments have been made, yet education too has undergone the modes in which it can be acquired. In conclusion, the researcher states that technology is bound to incre ase the spread of education in times ahead, at the same time it would open more dimensions of educational ease and spread in all parts of the world. It is also mentioned that although libraries look more deserted now, yet it is the omnipresence of technology that is more dominant. With every day advancements in informational technological field, one can only guess what would be the future outlook, but one can for sure say that it is the betterment of education that will come along it as the technology and science proceed.